Appendix A Air Quality
M E M O R A N D U M Date: August 13, 2009 To: HDR, Inc. From: Epsilon Associates, Inc. Subject: Appendix A Air Quality A1. Introduction and Project Description The Massachusetts Executive
Office of Transportation and Public Works (EOT), in conjunction with the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission (PVPC), Vermont Agency of Transportation (Vtrans), Pan Am Southern Railroad
(PAS), and Amtrak, is proposing to relocate the Amtrak intercity passenger train, known as the Vermonter, from the New England Central Railroad back to its former route on the Pan Am
Southern Railroad between Springfield and East Northfield in Massachusetts. The Vermonter operates daily between St. Albans, Vermont and Washington, D.C. The routing of the Vermonter
in Vermont and south of Springfield would remain unchanged. It is anticipated that initial service would include station stops at the former Amtrak station at Northampton and the new
intermodal station at Greenfield, with a potential for additional stations in the future. The project project would include improvements to the existing Pan Am Southern rail line, including
crosstie replacement, rail replacement, rehabilitation of grade crossings, reactivation of passing sidings and portions of double track, upgrading of switches, improvements to signal
and communications systems, surfacing and alignment of track, and improvements to bridges and station platforms. The Project improvements would occur within the existing right-of-way
owned by the Pan Am Southern. The Project does not involve any acquisition of additional right-ofway.
2 The Proposed Project does not involve any additional ballast or fill material to be placed beyond the existing limits of ballast or fill. As such, there would be no culvert repair
or replacement. There will be no in-water work in federal or state regulated wetlands or waterways. The Project does not involve clearing or grading activity. Since the project has the
potential to affect air quality in the region, an analysis was performed to estimate impacts that might result from the proposed relocation of the Amtrak ―Vermonter‖ line. The analysis
was performed to address the requirements set forth in both 40 CFR 93, with respect to Conformity, and 40 CFR 50, with respect to health-based air quality standards. A2. Regulatory Requirements
General and Transportation Conformity Section 176 (c) of the Clean Air Act requires that any entity of the federal government that engages in, supports, or in any way provides financial
support for, licenses or permits, or approves any activity must demonstrate that the action conforms to the State Implementation Plan (SIP). In this context, conformity means that such
federal actions must be consistent with a SIP’s purpose of eliminating or reducing the severity and number of violations of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and achieving
expeditious attainment of those standards. The general conformity regulations apply to a federal action in nonattainment and maintenance areas if the total of direct and indirect criteria
pollutant emissions from the action equals or exceeds the de minimis amounts or the action is determined to be regionally significant. The transportation conformity regulations apply
to transportation plans, programs, and projects developed, funded, or approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and sponsored
by the local metropolitan planning organization (MPO). Elements of the project that would require funding or approval of either the FHWA or the FTA must be part of a conforming regional
transportation plan (RTP) or a regional transportation improvement program (TIP) prepared by the MPO; in this case, the PVPC. The project proponent is working with the PVPC to ensure
that data developed for the project is taken into consideration in the preparation of future RTP and TIP. A conformity determination demonstrates that the total emissions projected for
a plan or TIP are within the emissions limits ("budgets") established by the SIP, and that transportation control measures (TCMs) in EPA-approved SIPs are implemented in a
3 timely fashion. In certain cases, conformity may be demonstrated using other EPA-approved tests, such as before a state has approved or found a motor vehicle emissions budget adequate
for conformity purposes. Ambient Air Quality Standards The 1970 Clean Air Act was enacted by Congress to protect the health and welfare of the public from the adverse effects of air
pollution. As required by the Clean Air Act, EPA has promulgated NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10 and
PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) has also promulgated these standards into its SIP. The NAAQS/MAAQS
are listed in Table A-1. The NAAQS presented in Table A-1 specify concentration levels for various averaging times. The NAAQS includes both ―primary‖ and ―secondary‖ standards. The primary
standards are intended to protect human health; whereas, the secondary standards are intended to protect public welfare from known or anticipated adverse effects associated with the
presence of air pollutants, such as damage to vegetation. Table A-1 National and Massachusetts Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutant Averaging Period NAAQS/MAAQS (μg/m3) Primary Secondary
NO2 Annual1 100 Same 1-hour 2 320 None SO2 Annual 1 80 None 24-hour 2 365 None 3-hour 2 None 1,300 PM10 Annual 6 Revoked (EPA) 50 (MAAQS) Same 24-hour 3 150 Same PM2.5 Annual 4 15 Same
24-hour 5 35 Same CO 8-hour 2 10,000 Same 1-hour 2 40,000 Same Ozone 8-hour 3 235 Same Pb 3-month 1 1.5 Same
4 The NAAQS also reflect various durations of exposure. The short-term periods (24 hours or less) refer to exposure levels not to be exceeded more than once a year. Long-term periods
refer to limits that cannot be exceeded for exposure averaged over three months or longer. The inhalable particulate (PM10) NAAQS were promulgated on July 1, 1987 at the federal level
with the intent of replacing the existing standards limiting ambient levels of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP). EPA also promulgated a new Fine Particulate (PM2.5) NAAQS effective
December 2006 with an annual standard of 15 μg/m3 and the 24-hour standard of 35 μg/m3. Local Ambient Air Quality To estimate ambient pollutant levels representative of the area, the
most recent (2005 to 2008) air quality monitor data reported on the U.S. EPA’s AIRData website (http://www.epa.gov/air/data), were obtained. The closest monitors were identified and
examined for appropriateness. The Clean Air Act allows for one exceedance per year of the CO and SO2 short-term NAAQS per year. The highest second-high accounts for the one exceedance.
The 24-hour PM10 standard is not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years. To attain the 24-hour PM2.5 standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour
concentrations must not exceed 35 μg/m3. For annual averages, the average of the highest yearly observations was used as the background concentration. Local concentrations were determined
from the closest available monitoring stations to the area, located in Ware, Springfield, and Chicopee. A summary of the local air quality concentrations is presented in Table A-2. Table
A-2 Observed Ambient Air Quality Concentrations and Selected Background Levels Pollutant Averaging Period Station 2006 2007 2008 Background Level NAAQS SO2 (μg/m3) 3-Hour WARE 36.54
39.15 39.15 39.15 1,300 24-Hour WARE 26.1 28.71 28.71 28.71 365 Annual WARE 5.22 7.83 5.22 7.83 80 CO (ppm) 1-Hour SPFD 3.1 2.1 3.4 3.4 35 8-Hour SPFD 2.4 1.3 2.5 2.5 9 NO2 (μg/m3) Annual
WARE 7.52 7.52 9.40 9.40 100 Ozone (ppm) 1-Hour WARE 0.13 0.125 0.105 0.13 0.12 8-Hour WARE 0.103 0.102 0.082 0.103 0.08
5 Pollutant Averaging Period Station 2006 2007 2008 Background Level NAAQS PM10 (μg/m3) 24-Hour WARE 31 29 25 31 150 Annual WARE 11 11 10 11 50 PM2.5 (μg/m3) 24-Hour CHIC 28.9 28.8 26.6
28.1 35 Annual CHIC 8.83 9.88 9.24 9.32 15 Notes: Background level for PM2.5 is the average concentration of the 98th percentile for three years. WARE = Quabbin Summit, Ware, MA; SPFD
= Liberty P-Lot, Springfield, MA; CHIC = Anderson Rd, AFB Chicopee, MA. The background level for 3-hour SO2 compared to the NAAQS is low at 3%. Comparing the 24-hour SO2 and annual SO2
background levels also result in relatively low percentages at 7.8% and 9.8% respectively. The observed background level compared to the NAAQS for the 1-hour CO is approximately 9.7%.
A slightly higher percentage is seen when comparing the 8-hour CO concentration to the NAQQS at 27.7%. Annual NOx background level compared to the NAAQS is 9.4%. Observed ozone background
levels for both the 1-hour and 8-hour averaging periods were seen to be relatively high when compared to the NAAQS at 108.3% and 128.8% respectively. This was the only observed pollutant
to have percentages above 100% when compared to the NAAQS concentrations. Observed 24-hour PM10 background concentration is 20.6% of the NAAQS. While the annual PM10 concentration compared
to the NAAQS was seen to be 22%. The PM2.5 comparisons of background concentrations to the NAAQS concentrations were seen to be much higher for the 24-hour PM2.5 at 80.3% and the annual
PM2.5 at 62.1%. The review of local air quality in the region confirms that the area is in attainment of ambient air quality standards for all pollutants except ozone. A3. Technical
Approach The air quality analysis focuses on the relocation of a single Amtrak P-42 locomotive from one existing rail line to another existing rail line. The relocation will result in
the train’s traveling a shorter distance and at a higher average speed. In addition to the locomotive, there is currently a commuter bus running twice daily from Amherst to Northampton
which which will mitigate impacts to the loss of rail service in Amherst. Since this bus operates in both the existing and proposed cases, and its operation is unchanged, it is assumed
that it adds no net impacts to the proposed case.
6 This analysis quantitatively assesses the emissions changes resulting from the relocation and qualitatively assesses changes in the resulting pollutant concentrations that could be
expected from these emissions. A4. Air Quality Assessment Methodology Air pollutants emitted by locomotives include pollutants that are created by secondary reactions during the combustion
process (NO2 and SO2), as well as the products of incomplete combustion (CO and PM10). Emission factors are presented in Tables A-3 through A-6. The criteria pollutant emission factors
for locomotives (U.S. EPA, 1997) are provided in Table A-3. (Even though emission factors are provided for oxides of nitrogen (NOx), these emissions are assumed to be converted to NO2
in the atmosphere for comparison to applicable health and safety thresholds.) Table A-3 Locomotive Emission Factors THC CO NOX PM10 g/bhp/hr g/gal g/bhp/hr g/gal g/bhp/hr g/gal g/bhp/hr
g/gal Tier 0 (Manufacture Year 1973-2001) Line Haul 0.48 10 1.28 26.6 8.6 178 0.32 6.7 Yard 1.01 21 1.83 38.1 12.6 262 0.44 9.2 Tier 1 (Manufacture Year 2002-2004) Line Haul 0.47 9.8
1.28 26.6 6.7 139 0.32 6.7 Yard 1.01 21 1.83 38.1 9.9 202 0.44 9.2 Tier 2 (Manufacture Year 2004-) Line Haul 0.26 5.4 1.28 26.6 5.0 103 0.17 3.6 Yard 0.52 11 1.83 38.1 7.3 152 0.21 4.3
g/bhp/hr = grams per brake horsepower per hour g/gal = grams per gallon THC = total hydrocarbons CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogen (assumed to be entirely converted to nitrogen
dioxide, NO2, in the atmosphere) PM10 = particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter EPA recommends that the conversion from total hydrocarbons (THC) to volatile organic compounds
(VOC) be made using the correction factor for large nonroad diesel engines. This conversion is shown to be as follows:
7 VOC = THC ×1.005 The emissions particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) will also be evaluated. EPA’s Emissions Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) has produced
a ―one-page‖ information sheet containing emission factors for PM2.5. This document provides a PM2.5 emission factor of 6.03 grams per gallon (g/gal) for all locomotive line haul operations.
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has also compiled diesel PM emission factors for locomotives from a variety of sources, including U.S. EPA’s Locomotive Emission Standards Regulatory
Support Document, April 1998, and locomotive engine manufacturers. These data were reviewed, and the higher of either the EIIP emission factor or the CARB emission factor was used to
represent PM2.5. In addition, the emission rates of diesel PM alone were calculated based on the CARB study. SO2 is also a product of diesel combustion, due to the sulfur content of
the fuel. An SO2 emission factor was developed for the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) ((Pechan, 2005) by multiplying the percent sulfur content in fuel, 0.27% for the United States
except California, by the molecular weight of SO2, and by the density of the diesel fuel, which is 7.05 pounds per gallon (lbs/gal), and by a conversion factor, 0.97753, as noted in
the equation below: Where: EFSO2 = SO2 emission factor for locomotive (g/gal) CS = Fuel Sulfur concentration (fraction by weight) Ddiesel = Density of diesel fuel (lb/gal) MWSO2 = molecular
weight of SO2 (64.1 grams per mole [g/mol]) MWS = molecular weight of S (32.06 g/mol) 453.59 = g per lb k = conversion factor kMWMWDCEFSSOdieselSSO59.45322
8 California requires the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel, and a sulfur concentration of 0.012% can be used for locomotives receiving fuel in California. The results of this calculation
are SO2 emission factors of 0.75 g/gal for California fuel, and 16.88 g/gal for the remainder of the United States. Hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emission factors were also developed
for the NEI. Emission factors of hazardous metals in diesel exhaust were expressed in pounds of metal per gallon of diesel fuel combusted. These factors are shown in Table A-4. Table
A-4 Locomotive HAP Metal Emission Factors Pollutant Emission Factor (lb/gal) Emission Factor (g/gal) Beryllium 4.2E-07 1.9E-04 Cadmium 4.2E-07 1.9E-04 Lead 1.3E-06 5.9E-04 The NEI also
presents a number of HAP locomotive emission factors available by locomotive engine type: 2-stroke and 4-stroke (see Table A-5). Again, since California uses different diesel fuel than
the remainder of the United States, there are HAP emission factors specific to locomotives fueling in in California. The Amtrak P-42 engine is a 45° four-stroke V16 engine so the four-stroke
emission factors in Table A-5 were used. Table A-5 Locomotive HAP Emission Factors for 2-and 4-stroke Engines Pollutant 2-Stroke 4-Stroke 2-Stroke 4-Stroke (US except CA) (US except
CA) (CA only) (CA only) g/gal g/gal g/gal g/gal 1,3-Butadiene 0.02836 0.0413511 0.0246138 0.0349507 Acetaldehyde 0.206756 0.1469518 0.2106938 0.1886544 Acrolein 0.037413 0.0178725 0.0374129
0.0417025 Benzene 0.018903 0.0409082 0.0147683 0.0422983 Chromium 3.36E-05 5.864E-05 7.871E-05 4.387E-05 Formaldehyde 0.454862 0.3852521 0.4194185 0.4487989
9 Pechan & Associates also reported HAP emission factors based on speciation profile research. Table A-6 presents the amounts of HAPs emitted based on VOC or PM10 emissions (in tons
of HAP per ton of total VOC or PM10 emissions). For conservatism, all locomotives were assumed to be Tier 0 since the P-42 engines were manufactured between 1992 and 2001. Emissions
from locomotives are calculated using the following simple equation: Emission rate = fuel consumption rate x emission factor The use of this method is based on the assumption that the
locomotives in the inventory will consume an average amount of fuel within a large inventory area, typically a county, air quality management district, or a similar regional delineation.
The project area consists of two lengths of track, one 60.4 miles long and one 49 miles long. Table A-6 Locomotive HAP Emission Factors Speciation Profiles Pollutant Speciation Profile
(US except CA) Speciation Profile (CA) Speciation Profile (All US) Speciation Profile (All US) (ton HAP/ton PM10) (ton HAP/ton PM10) (ton HAP/ton VOC) (ton HAP/ton PM10) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
--0.00224 -Ethylbenzene --0.002 -n-Hexane --0.0055 -Propionaldehyde --0.0061 -Styrene --0.0021 -Toluene --0.0032 -Xylene --0.0048 -Manganese ---0.00000204 Nickel ---0.00000655 Benzo(a)anthracene
0.0000160 0.0000121 --Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0000027 0.0000044 --Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0000064 0.0000044 --Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.0000052 0.0000044 --Chrysene 0.0000119 0.0000092 --
10 Pollutant Speciation Profile (US except CA) Speciation Profile (CA) Speciation Profile (All US) Speciation Profile (All US) (ton HAP/ton PM10) (ton HAP/ton PM10) (ton HAP/ton VOC)
(ton HAP/ton PM10) Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 0.0000000 0.0000000 --Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.0000027 0.0000033 --Acenaphthene 0.0000306 0.0000080 --Acenaphthalene 0.0004275 0.0002182 --Anthracene
0.0001009 0.0000535 --Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.0000031 0.0000044 --Fluoranthene 0.0000746 0.0000601 --Fluorene 0.0001407 0.0000619 --Napthalene 0.0025756 0.0018505 --Phenanthrene 0.0005671
0.0002822 --Pyrene 0.0001054 0.0000771 --US = United States CA = California HAP = hazardous air pollutants VOC = volatile organic compounds PM10 = particulate matter less than 10 microns
in diameter Since fuel consumption rates at idle and typical transit speeds were available, the following methodology was used: E = EF × FCR ×T Where: E = emissions of pollutant from
locomotive (grams [g]) EF = emission factor for locomotive (g/gal) FCR = fuel consumption rate of locomotive at idle or transit speed notch setting (gallons per minute [gal/min]) T =
time within emissions calculation zone of locomotive (minutes [min]) The time within the emissions calculation zone was calculated using the relationship between average transit speed
and travel length for transit operations. This methodology was also used for SO2, PM2.5 and HAP emissions whose factors are only available in units of g/gal.
11 Fuel consumption rates of the P-42 passenger locomotive were used. These rates are specified in Table A-7. The ―Idle‖ notch setting was used for stationary equipment, while notch
setting 6 was used for long term transit for passenger locomotives. Table A-7 Locomotive Fuel Consumption Rates Notch Setting P-42 Fuel Consumption (gallons per hour) 8 172 7 172 6 155
5 127 4 99 3 79 2 54 1 41 Idle 35 Low Idle N/A DB 15.9 From HEP300kW -from AMTRAK -System General Road Foreman Notice: 2009–46; 2/5/09 Emissions Results Emissions are shown to decrease
slightly, mainly due to the shorter distance of the proposed rail line and the increased speed at which the train will travel. The shorter distance and increased speed result in a significantly
shorter time that the locomotives will be in use. Table A-8 presents the results of the emissions analysis. Overall, emissions are expected to decrease approximately 28% due to the changes
in speed and distance. Emissions of NOx are expected to decrease 9 tons per year (from 32 tpy to 23 tpy). Emissions of CO are expected to decrease 1.3 tons per year (from 4.9 tpy to
3.6 tpy). Emissions of all other criteria pollutants, metals, and hazardous air pollutants are expected to decrease less than 1 tpy each. Actual calculations are shown in Attachment
A-1.
12 Table A-8 Net Emission Results Criteria Pollutants Net Emissions (tons per year) THC -0.507 VOC -0.510 CO -1.350 NOX -9.032 SO2 (other US) -0.857 SO2 (CA only) -0.038 PM10 -0.340
PM2.5 -0.306 Diesel PM -0.195 Hazardous Air Pollutants Net Emissions (tons per year) Beryllium -9.641E-06 Cadmium -9.641E-06 Lead -2.994E-05 1,3 Butadiene -2.098E-03 Acetaldehyde -7.457E-03
Acrolein -9.069E-04 Benzene -2.076E-03 Chromium -2.976E-06 Formaldehyde -1.955E-02 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane -1.137E-04 Ethylbenzene -1.015E-04 n-Hexane -2.791E-04 Propionaldehyde -3.095E-04
Styrene -1.066E-04 Toluene -1.624E-04 Xylene -2.436E-04 Manganese -1.035E-07 Nickel -3.324E-07 Benzo(a)anthracene -8.119E-07 Benzo(a)pyrene -2.233E-07
13 Hazardous Air Pollutants Net Emissions (tons per year) Benzo(b)fluoranthene -3.248E-07 Benzo(k)fluoranthene -2.639E-07 Chrysene -6.038E-07 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 0.000E+00 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
-1.675E-07 Acenaphthene -1.553E-06 Acenaphthalene -2.169E-05 Anthracene -5.120E-06 Benzo(ghi)perylene -2.233E-07 Fluoranthene -3.785E-06 Fluorene -7.140E-06 Napthalene -1.307E-04 Phenanthrene
-2.878E-05 Pyrene -5.348E-06 Total HAPs -3.37E-02 Conformity Determination A federal action is considered de minimis for General Conformity if its emissions are below those outlined
in 40 CFR 93.153(b)(1) or is an activity listed in 93.153(c)(2). Typical emission thresholds in maintenance areas are 100 tons of pollutant per year, less in nonattainment areas with
the threshold determined by the severity of the nonattainment designation. The de minimis thresholds are shown in Tables A-9 and A-10 for nonattainment and maintenance areas, respectively
If an action is not de minimis, then air quality analyses must be performed for the year of highest emissions, in addition to the expected year of attainment or the farthest year designated
in the maintenance plan. The proposed relocation area is in attainment of NAAQS for all pollutants except ozone (Subpart 2/Moderate). Massachusetts is part of the ozone transport region.
Since emissions from the relocation are below all applicable de minimis thresholds, the project is exempt from the requirements of General Conformity.
14 Table A-9 General Conformity De Minimis Thresholds – Nonattainment Areas Pollutant Tons/year Ozone (VOC's or NOX): Serious Nonattainment Areas 50 Severe Nonattainment Areas 25 Extreme
Nonattainment Areas 10 Other ozone Nonattainment Areas outside an ozone transport region 100 Other ozone Nonattainment Areas inside an ozone transport region: VOC 50 NOX 100 Carbon monoxide:
All Nonattainment Areas 100 SO2or NO2: All Nonattainment Areas 100 PM–10: Moderate Nonattainment Areas 100 Serious Nonattainment Areas 70 PM2.5: Direct emissions 100 SO2 100 NOX (unless
determined not to be a significant precursor) 100 VOC or ammonia (if determined to be significant precursors) 100 Pb: All NAA's 25 Table A-10 General Conformity De Minimis Thresholds
– Maintenance Areas Pollutant Tons/year Ozone (NOX, SO2or NO2): All Maintenance Areas 100 Ozone (VOC's): Maintenance areas inside an ozone transport region 50 Maintenance areas outside
an ozone transport region 100 Carbon monoxide: All Maintenance Areas 100 PM–10: All Maintenance Areas 100 PM2.5: Direct emissions 100 SO2 100
15 Pollutant Tons/year NOX(unless determined not to be a significant precursor) 100 VOC or ammonia (if determined to be significant precursors) 100 Pb: All Maintenance Areas 25 Transportation
conformity is determined if the project is included in the appropriate TIP. If included, then the project is presumed to conform if appropriate PM control measures are implemented (40
CFR 93.117). One or both microscale (―hot spot‖) analyses of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) is required to show no violations of the NAAQS for maintenance areas of
those pollutants. If the project is not included in the TIP, it must be shown that the project meets an emissions budget, or that the emissions from the proposed action do not exceed
the ―baseline‖ emissions. Transportation control measures must be consistent with the current TIP, while the requirements of the microscale ―hot spot‖ analysis are also fulfilled. The
proposed relocation of the Amtrak ―Vermonter‖ line does not appear to be included in the most recent PVPC TIP. However, since the project results in a reduction in emissions from the
baseline, the project is presumed to conform. In addition, no serious highway traffic impacts are expected; therefore no CO hot spots will result. Conclusions Due to the decrease in
overall emissions of 28%, it can be expected that the overall air quality in the project’s region would be improved. Locomotives will average 40 to 50 mph while in motion, and the elapsed
time at each of the planned stations is expected to be approximately 3 minutes. The shortest AAQS is a 1-hour averaging period. Therefore, it can be concluded that even in worst case
conditions, a single locomotive will not be emitting at any location along the route for such a lengthy period as to adversely affect air quality and exceed any AAQS. Finally, the project
is presumed to conform to the General and Transportation Conformity requirements as promulgated in 40 CFR 93. A5. References. 40 CFR 93, Determining Conformity of Federal Actions to
State or Federal Implementation Plans.
16 40 CFR 81.322, Designation Of Areas For Air Quality Planning Purposes, Subpart C—Section 107 Attainment Status Designations, Massachusetts. AMTRAK, System General Road Foreman Notice,
NOTICE NUMBER: 2009 – 46 DATE: 2/5/09. CARB, Roseville Rail Yard Study, October 14, 2004. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Documentation For Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, Locomotive,
And Other Nonroad Components Of The National Emissions Inventory, Volume I – Methodology, February 10, 2005. Personal Communication (Email), Mr. Vincent Tino, Epsilon Associates Inc,
with Mr. James Spoetzel, Transit Safety Management, August 1, 2009. U.S. EPA, AIRData website (http://www.epa.gov/air/data). U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Technical
Report Series, Volume 9, Particulate Emissions, (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume09/locomotives.pdf). U.S. EPA, Locomotive Emission Standards Regulatory Support Document,
April 1998. U.S. EPA, Technical Highlights Emission Factors for Locomotives, EPA420-F-97-051 December 1997. Attachment A-1, Estimation of Pollutant Emissions
Estimation of Pollutant EmissionsScenario:ADescription:Existing Vs Proposed Conditions -Amtrak train onlyRailway DimensionsMilesMilesCorridor Length:60.449Train 1Train 2Description:AMTRAKAMTRAKEngine
Name:P-42P-42Number of Engines:11Number of Trains per Day:22Days/week:77Moving TrainsNumber of Engines at Idle Throttle:00Number of Engines at Moving Throttle:-11Train avg. Speed:4146mphIdle
throttle setting:IdleIdleMoving throttle setting:66Idle Fuel Flow:3535gal/hrMoving Fuel Flow:155155gal/hrEstimated moving time in Corridor:88.3963.91minutesStationary TrainsNumber of
Engines at Idle Throttle:-11Number of Engines at Non-Idle Throttle:00Idle throttle setting:IdleIdleNon-Idle throttle setting:IdleIdleIdle Fuel Flow:3535gal/hrNon-Idle Fuel Flow:3535gal/hrEstimated
stationary time in Corridor:3.003.00minutes/dayTotal Emissions = Emissions from Train 1 + Emissions from Train 2Emission Rate and Exposure Impact CalculationsTrain 1Train 1Train 1Train
1Train 2Train 2Train 2Train 2TotalEmission FactorMotionStationaryTotalTotalMotionStationaryTotalTotalEmissionsCriteria PollutantsValueUnit(g/day)(g/day)(g/day)(tpy)(g/day)(g/day)(g/day)(tpy)(tpy)THC1
0g/gal-4566.829-35.000-4601.829-1.8463302.17435.0003337.1741.339-0.507VOC10.05=1.005 x THC-4589.663-35.175-4624.838-1.8563318.68535.1753353.8601.346-0.510CO26.6g/gal-12147.766-93.100-12240.866-4.9128
783.78393.1008876.8833.562-1.350NOX178g/gal-81289.561-623.000-81912.561-32.86758778.696623.00059401.69623.835-9.032SO2 (other US)16.88g/gal-7708.808-59.080-7767.888-3.1175574.07059.0805633.1502.260-0
.857SO2 (CA only)0.75g/gal-342.512-2.625-345.137-0.138247.6632.625250.2880.100-0.038PM106.7g/gal-3059.776-23.450-3083.226-1.2372212.45723.4502235.9070.897-0.340PM2.56.03g/gal-2753.798-21.105-2774.903
-1.1131991.21121.1052012.3160.807-0.306Diesel PM (Train 1-Motion)3.85g/gal-1756.656-1761.243-0.707-0.195Diesel PM (Train 1-Stationary)1.31g/gal-4.587Diesel PM (Train 2-Motion)3.85g/gal1270.1991274.78
70.511Diesel PM (Train 2-Stationary)1.31g/gal4.587Hazardous Air PollutantsBeryllium1.90E-04g/gal-8.677E-02-6.650E-04-8.743E-02-3.508E-056.274E-026.650E-046.341E-022.544E-05-9.641E-06Cadmium1.90E-04g/
gal-8.677E-02-6.650E-04-8.743E-02-3.508E-056.274E-026.650E-046.341E-022.544E-05-9.641E-06Lead5.90E-04g/gal-2.694E-01-2.065E-03-2.715E-01-1.089E-041.948E-012.065E-031.969E-017.900E-05-2.994E-051,3
Butadiene4.14E-02g/gal-1.888E+01-1.447E-01-1.903E+01-7.635E-031.365E+011.447E-011.380E+015.537E-03-2.098E-03Acetaldehyde1.47E-01g/gal-6.711E+01-5.143E-01-6.762E+01-2.713E-024.853E+015.143E-014.904E+0
11.968E-02-7.457E-03Acrolein1.79E-02g/gal-8.162E+00-6.255E-02-8.225E+00-3.300E-035.902E+006.255E-025.964E+002.393E-03-9.069E-04Benzene4.09E-02g/gal-1.868E+01-1.432E-01-1.883E+01-7.554E-031.351E+011.4
32E-011.365E+015.478E-03-2.076E-03Chromium5.86E-05g/gal-2.678E-02-2.052E-04-2.699E-02-1.083E-051.936E-022.052E-041.957E-027.852E-06-2.976E-06Formald
ehyde3.85E-01g/gal-1.759E+02-1.348E+00-1.773E+02-7.114E-021.272E+021.348E+001.286E+025.159E-02-1.955E-022,2,4-Trimethylpentane0.00224ton/tonVOC-1.023E+00-7.840E-03-1.031E+00-4.136E-047.397E-017.840E-
037.475E-012.999E-04-1.137E-04Ethylbenzene0.002ton/tonVOC-9.134E-01-7.000E-03-9.204E-01-3.693E-046.604E-017.000E-036.674E-012.678E-04-1.015E-04n-Hexane0.0055ton/tonVOC-2.512E+00-1.925E-02-2.531E+00-1
.016E-031.816E+001.925E-021.835E+007.365E-04-2.791E-04Propionaldehyde0.0061ton/tonVOC-2.786E+00-2.135E-02-2.807E+00-1.126E-032.014E+002.135E-022.036E+008.168E-04-3.095E-04Styrene0.0021ton/tonVOC-9.59
0E-01-7.350E-03-9.664E-01-3.878E-046.935E-017.350E-037.008E-012.812E-04-1.066E-04Toluene0.0032ton/tonVOC-1.461E+00-1.120E-02-1.473E+00-5.909E-041.057E+001.120E-021.068E+004.285E-04-1.624E-04Xylene0.0
048ton/tonVOC-2.192E+00-1.680E-02-2.209E+00-8.863E-041.585E+001.680E-021.602E+006.427E-04-2.436E-04Manganese2.04E-06ton/tonPM10-9.316E-04-7.140E-06-9.388E-04-3.767E-076.736E-047.140E-066.808E-042.732
E-07-1.035E-07Nickel6.55E-06ton/tonPM10-2.991E-03-2.293E-05-3.014E-03-1.209E-062.163E-032.293E-052.186E-038.771E-07-3.324E-07Benzo(a)anthracene0.000016ton/tonPM10-7.307E-03-5.600E-05-7.363E-03-2.954E
-065.283E-035.600E-055.339E-032.142E-06-8.119E-07Benzo(a)pyrene0.0000044ton/tonPM10-2.009E-03-1.540E-05-2.025E-03-8.124E-071.453E-031.540E-051.468E-035.892E-07-2.233E-07Benzo(b)fluoranthene0.0000064t
on/tonPM10-2.923E-03-2.240E-05-2.945E-03-1.182E-062.113E-032.240E-052.136E-038.570E-07-3.248E-07Benzo(k)fluoranthene0.0000052ton/tonPM10-2.375E-03-1.820E-05-2.393E-03-9.602E-071.717E-031.820E-051.735
E-036.963E-07-2.639E-07Chrysene0.0000119ton/tonPM10-5.435E-03-4.165E-05-5.476E-03-2.197E-063.930E-034.165E-053.971E-031.593E-06-6.038E-07Dibenz(a,h)anthracene0.000000ton/tonPM100.000E+000.000E+000.00
0E+000.000E+000.000E+000.000E+000.000E+000.000E+000.000E+00Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene0.0000033ton/tonPM10-1.507E-03-1.155E-05-1.519E-03-6.093E-071.090E-031.155E-051.101E-034.419E-07-1.675E-07Acenaphthene
0.0000306ton/tonPM10-1.397E-02-1.071E-04-1.408E-02-5.650E-061.010E-021.071E-041.021E-024.097E-06-1.553E-06Acenaphthalene0.0004275ton/tonPM10-1.952E-01-1.496E-03-1.967E-01-7.894E-051.412E-011.496E-031
.427E-015.724E-05-2.169E-05Anthracene0.0001009ton/tonPM10-4.608E-02-3.532E-04-4.643E-02-1.863E-053.332E-023.532E-043.367E-021.351E-05-5.120E-06Benzo(ghi)perylene0.0000044ton/tonPM10-2.009E-03-1.540E-
05-2.025E-03-8.124E-071.453E-031.540E-051.468E-035.892E-07-2.233E-07Fluoranthene0.0000746ton/tonPM10-3.407E-02-2.611E-04-3.433E-02-1.377E-052.463E-022.611E-042.490E-029.989E-06-3.785E-06Fluorene0.000
1407ton/tonPM10-6.426E-02-4.925E-04-6.475E-02-2.598E-054.646E-024.925E-044.695E-021.884E-05-7.140E-06Napthalene0.0025756ton/tonPM10-1.176E+00-9.015E-03-1.185E+00-4.756E-048.505E-019.015E-038.595E-013
.449E-04-1.307E-04Phenanthrene0.0005671ton/tonPM10-2.590E-01-1.985E-03-2.610E-01-1.047E-041.873E-011.985E-031.893E-017.594E-05-2.878E-05Pyrene0.0001054ton/tonPM10-4.813E-02-3.689E-04-4.850E-02-1.946E
-053.480E-023.689E-043.517E-021.411E-05-5.348E-06Total HAPS-3.03E+02-2.32E+00-3.05E+02-1.22E-012.19E+022.32E+002.21E+028.88E-02-3.37E-02