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Directions for Use and Maintenance
Tiny House Composting Toilet
12-19-2011
Full Circle Compost Consulting
compostingtoilet@agmailcom
(802)-387-5357
iew:
y e under thestoilet seattThe diverter had incorporates small funnel-1 ke which is the
the frorttand plastic insert
opening in
ck. The bowl is for catching urine,which is then sent
nttout ng the
colorful name pi but Thetherang of back is for the other stuff, which goes by many
ses of this formal manual we will call it"solid human waste".These solids,along with some
shavings, fall down into the compost container under the house,where they begin to compost.
dors are removed by a low-powered fan,and vented through the roof. This fan also acts as a
e-house ventilator, (moving about 15 CFM of air,) and should be left on whenever the house is
pied and all the windows are closed.
p:
Ilion the container: Place an empty compost container er(o ehof the black c dew 20-gallon
fd m)below
Loilet, underneath the house, (beneath the 12" plastic
aoom.
tened to the bottom of the chute you should find a flexible rubberized fabric boot, with a wide
stic ring along its bottom edge. (If the boot has been removed for transport, find it and pull the edge
he fabric up onto the chute.Then rotate the whole boot until the eriii j can hang horizontally without
ng shoved up against the wheel. Secure it with the clamp provided.)
the compost container
beneath the boot and fasten the ring in place e
Acing u that hiclampg ooaroundboth the container and the boot ring. if the band clamp
p ut in pl ace upside-down,
it will take excessive force to close. If the band seems very hard to
ose, remove it from the container,flip it over,and try again.
a good idea to create a solid and secure spot for the container to
oo it.Small
the height ncr to pavers
rs container
o sit. S concrete pavers make e an
isy and inexpensive base. Depending on your site,you may
y building up the base,or lower it by removing some soil. Once you are in the right ballpark for of the
eig ,you can loosen the clamp that oo and ring by a few inches. When everything fabric adschute,
juted, the bootwill onlyJbe slightly gwrinkled
vhen the ring is fastened to the container. that exits the floor of the
Connect the urine drain: Urine from the diverter is plumbed to the 1 'pipe
house imple underground drainfield. Because urine contains the greatamajoritysof the fertilizer value of on-site
in a simple
our waste and is free of intestinal pathogens, it makes an excellent fertilizer. The most ecologically
beneficial use for collected urine is to dilute it and use it as fertilizer where regulations permit, or
donate it to an organization like the Rich Earth Institute,which reprocesses urine for agricultural use.
s for Daily Use:
down when you use the toilet.This ensures that urine is caug ht properly by the urine
anything to use the urine diverter just sit normally and it will
'ri e. not need m n any g
the back opening into the compost container. If this is the case,you
.uine. (Some women may find that they need to sit a bit farther forward to make sure urine
bowl,l and not down plastic diverter extender that came with the toilet.)It is not a
to some into place into oblue p '
F some urine falls into the compost container,but if too much does it will make the compost
;low the composting process.
pine shavings
1 stores) down the opening to cover your deposit. Take are
isit to the toilet has included a solid contribution, also add about a cup of P
ie in bales from agricultural supply
paper,but don't add anything do not fall into the urine bowl.It is fine to add toilet pap
ose.
nonce: goes beneath the toilet and is the
filet system came with two 20-gallon compost containers. One g
container,filling gradually over a period of many months.The other is the resting container,and
order the house and composts. When the active container fills,it is time to remove it and
age it for an empty one,using the following steps:
Loosen the metal band around the top of the container by pulling out on the metal lever.
Lift the lid and band up off of the full container and slide the container out from under the
house. (with the short plastic vent stack) on top of the container and re-clamp it.
1 There the other lid ( of so
(or operate the optional hand pump,
There is a clear hose coming up along the outside of the container from a fitting at the bottom.
equipped)this pipe you can n to then any ingliqu' ( P an RV dump station,liquid or id and
equipped) until you can drain any standing liquid out of the container. Collect this ligwd and
of it properly (into a simple soak pit, a septic system,
and remove area.)
hose.This lets oxygen more freely enter the o container.
else is legal and convenient lamp, in your area.)
5) Loosen
lac et the the nt i clamp, or in another convenient location tot let it
with the band
7) Place the empty nor under the house,r the
7) Place an empty container under the toilet,reposition the lid,and clamp it securely, and point the
clamp
clamp.
8) Place the hose on the fitting at the bottom of the new container,
hose straight up. t container on hand to put under the house.
ie first time you change containers,you will have an empty
aereafter,you will need to empty a resting container first.
the container has been resting for a year or more,the compost may be mature and ready to use.
especially if the edible portion
does of
ft the
appear plant
Duches t, experts soil and will recommend raw. it it on food crops, P
t it into an outdoor compost bin to compost further.
ouches the soil and will be eaten raw.If it has been less than a year,or if the compost
nature,you can empty
note that laws and regu lations surrounding dry toilets and the compost the produce
be legal restrictions on how you utilize the compost. It is
nsibiliTy to understand and comp
hour loeatiou, rs may I y with the relevant regulations. ***
t maintenance: take off
,your ventilation fan will need cleaning, and eventually replacement.To remove it,
d access hatch on the left side of the toilet. Then remove the fan from at which point you
its housing y
with diluted soap and let it sit t dust few
all four nuts,and removing one bolt.This will ia low the fan to slide out,
it with a damp rag. If it o hard fan clean,spr ➢ against the t dust may
sound from the f may indicate that the blades are rubbing
first. A scraping
the housing,
in which inside of the housing. If it still makes noise after cleaning
in which case the fan needs replacement. See contact info below if you need a replacement.
reading: urine as a
Gold"by Carol Steinfled—a fun and informative little book on safely using
r- ourself composting toilet
umanure Handbook"by Joseph Jenkins—the"bible" of do-it-yourself
Full Circle
o
restions,maintenance adve , or compstingtoilet@gmail.com¢ contact Abraham Noe-Hays
ost Consulting: (802)-387-5357
Fwd:EW:Draft proposal for urine compo... httpsa/mail.google.comimail/ulOrnn—Le‘ °
Daniel Wasiak<dwasiuk @northamptonma.gov>
Draft proposal for urine composting
_ Man,___ 29,2014 at 12:39 PM
<adele.franks @gmail com>
,siuk<dwasiuk @northamptonma.gov>
for the email I received in response to sending our urine composting proposal to Mr Ferris.
irwarded message-- state.ma us>
ite,Ronald (DEP)<ronald white@
i, Jul 23,2014 at 9:32 AM composting
:W: Draft proposal for urine comp mail com>
Om c ferns @sks@gmaii.c "Slater, Alan (DEP)" <alanslater @state.ma.us>
i , David D Pl com" <adele franks @9
is, David(DEP)'
your request below. After discussion with David and Alan Slater to
5 The specific a and Al ernati to
:le, David Ferris asked me�crespond r Piloting Approval under the Title 5 Innovative and Alternative
pursue this proposal.
�termined that a formal app Approval application which can be found on the
of those DEP would regulations be the R the avenue
Piloting App
to MassDEP w be theo8 dew type if it is seasonal in nature, is just for the workers and
EP web site,www.mass.9 application of this typ
oss the garde l entertain v pap otential cross contamination from fecal sources is access and
of the 9ardenlfarm and evaluation of potential require regular monitoring, or in case
ny approval id. approval would most likely requir if regular
is excess product
a nd maintenance issued under a Pil eats app
ling and maintenance requirements and a holding tank for the product
is discontinued.
f you have any questions feel free to call me at 617-292-5790.
)riginal Message—-- mail com]
r. Adele Franks[mailto.adele franks @9
r: Sunday, July 20, 2014 8:21 AM
Ferris, David(DEP)
Catherine Bryars composting
tject: Draft proposal for urine comp
ar Mr. Ferris, for a pilot project to explore a beneficial use of and
colleague, Catherine Bryars, spoke with Alan Slater
determine
m wilting to request your review of the attached draft proposal reliminary proposal to you
e asella through composting.and they 1 and my
and they recommendedothat
ate to submit a
approval.
hat administrative mini about this project would be most app P
hat administrative pathway to your office.
you in more detail once you have reviewed this
he proposal is attached and I am also mailing a hard cop his
Ne would like to have the opportuniuYeSOions ihattar seroject with y
craft proposal, and to answer any q
9129/2014 1:38 PM
Fwd:FW:Draft proposal for urine compo... https:/Finail.google.comlmail/u/0/7u=<a n-
advance for your review.
S ton.com
doron advancing local sustainable agriculture http://growtoodnorthampton.com promoting food security by
Northampton b advancing sustainable agriculture
to promoting food security y
toodnorthampton.corn
912912014 138 PM
F9-01
,RTIIAMPI ON, INC.
n 5t, 11207
ON, MA 01060
301-5099
I RTHAMPTON_COM
Cl ORS
nt
rer
cecutive Director
robrams&Administration
nteer Coordinator
TON
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,ver CSA
nic Community Garden
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Collective
Farm
acation Collaborative
Uo 61 Jvj
FIIo. aci .-k; CtIvAA Lt
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Proposal to Compost Human Urine at the Florence Organic
Community Garden in Florence Massachusetts
To that would show the feasibility of using
si the
sir seek approval
man urine for a demonstration project ost while also diverting
panted human urine to produce nutritious come
er stream.
comprised of 7 acres of protected agricultural land,
und: Inc.
ned in Organic n Community 14 e Garden, C by Grow Food Northampton, ton This site
in the Florence section of the city of Northampton.nod in 2012 on a 14 acre site owned by septic system is not
owfooenr flood Plain n.of m)
ear flal pp year the garden was open (2012), but it was
100-y lain of the Mill River where construction of a
d chemical port-b-potty was used and an y esore to the neighbors. Therefore a Board
the gardeners and he sy approved by the Northampton,red objectionable by specifically for the site and app
ling toilet was designed spy
th prior to opening for use in 2013.
Front View Urine-Diverting Composting Toilet Outhouse
a conventional composting toilet was not feasible to construct
bin was not feasible).
he land is of fat constraints of the nits, toilet bowl (see disgre). below)
he land is flu and excavation
as created thatuliz d a urine-diverting to
h hat alow a urine
Brattleboro es.
hat inswsdrbeh wbe ork rk diverted from thamuchsmal smaller
REI) ib eatiby whbsdesign
was inspired by the work of the has been worlldng (REI) in oearby
(httpalricheanhi nstitute.erg)
local wastewater treatment facilities and ddedl
le s to oironmeetbl Consal use n, arated urine
.of near heendro beneficial uses of source-separated
El has fo P years been studying the
of urtheo h of this to document). Revalufof several
of urine to hayfields
compare the value of human urine with conventional fertilizer
healthy hay production.
I
faecal
through
— 1998)
ram of urine-diverting toilet,from Drang ert
composting toilet forms the basis for the composting toilet system installed at
toilet seat
re-diverting
lorence Organic Community Garde'in Florence s--uri e Mk The d venting toilet urine-diverting
directs the urine to
1 www p separately in a bin.Toilet paper
se area-use comllndez.p P shavings/toilet paper mixture is
wing tank(see photo so add while the bin.The feces/wood d she
wood shavings accordance with MA 310 CMR 15. The source-
s are also added to the bin.The
lestered in an oxygen-rich environment in acco
arated urine is currently being donated to the Rich Earth Institute
r.11richearthinstilute.org)for use in ongoing field trials for EPA and USDA-funded research.
compost that could be
15,000 on site
foot hedgerow post that ofd be
sever, in the future we would like to use the urine on site to create corn
:d as a nutritious soil amendment on our 15,
shes,fruit and nut trees.
low. area will be designated along the perimeter of the 17 acre field (see
urine composting
ittached diagram in the Appendix).
smposting area will consist of several bin structures, each approximately 3'x3'x3'
larger version in the Appendix),with a synthetic rubber EPDM pond
of urine into the soil. Above the pond liner'floor' a
m below and larg composting area to allow any urine
below p to prevent any leaching Ae
pallet will serve as the bottom of the ceand reapplied to the pile.accumulate e p pallet and be pumped out regularly attached r ed to wooden or
i aof the com under the p pl ewoode
e of the comps' bin structure will consist a of metal solid to ethyl sufficient
duty polyethylene mesh)
�s,These'walls'will be lined with a combination of solid material access and excessive
and the screening composting inch welded process why reventing insect acce s andr tx slow for
t her to a post pil . One sideg f e sq while preventing
pile. One side of the square bin will consist of a hinged the finished
the compost accumulated leachate and eventually tone beyond the y hinged door to
.pass to pump out any panel will be secured just bey
out when the external hinged door Is opened for regular
An internal removable screened p
Como removal. The from angled roof of composting strudure will consist of atsosolid
top,while
remooad The angled rsoc or the comp opening Bing solid material (plastic or metal) on a hinge to allow oP
rainwater from saturating the pile.
Compost Structure
A combination of hardwood
sawdust and planer
shavings will provide the
carbonaceous base
material to stimulate
thermophilic composting
when nitrogen-rich urine is
poured into the pile. We will
layer soil and leaves in with
the carbonaceous material
to provide bacteria,fung ,
and other microorganisms
necessary for optimal
decomposition.
I in the 20
under the
I toilet will
i into
ntainers
carted to the
ig area on a
Isis. People
and
lg urine will
res and
a clothing to
tired skin
with the urine.
Urine Tank Beneath Composting Toilet
ideally with pilot
accordance with research findings (expected by autumn 2014)
:10 of the dry carbon material to the liquid urine will be determined empirically a ed i in h research
of ut small son, Extension and in ofeo compost with optimal
Extension Professor at the University of Maine.
comp
k Hutchinson, we expect
ire co en . Based reds of carbonaceous r iming conversations with Professor Hutchinson, and porosity
repminary adequate absorbency
ire cement. Based on P )goer shavings will provide adeq
ratio of 1:1 sawdust andz 14
ie conversation April 22, 2014). gardening
approximately 200 gallons of urine over the course of the g plan to
oniclhetc collecting top the winter) and therefore we P
bo (the composting bitoilet structure is closed n, each containing one cubic yard of compost
lay two composting bin structures per season,
h year additional structures can be installed while the previous year's compost continues to
composted for at least one year, or until fully decomposed,the
lamed 15,000 square foot
ompose.be m having d used (see diagram 0 the
the street the side of the garden ( hedgerow
terial will be moved and used as a soil amendment for a recently y applied. The hedg
pendix).x 15') hedgerow this co bordering
pe On top of this compost, a mulch of wood chips would be app
intings include berry bushes,fruit and nut trees.
compost for fecal coliforms at a local laboratory.
e antidpate Dr.. David the urine and cto of finished has indicated Water ter interest in twi urine Engineering ng
addition, Dr. David Reckow (Director of the Environmental and Water Resources
ogram at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst)
ipost for sterols(as a measure of fecal contamination) and for pharmaceutical
source-separated human urine to
Managers of FOG have the immediate nee to demonstrate the feasibility of beneficially using
and useful compost for ed on-site use.and the
oducin of sitar produced with nutrients and is py ducedton-ste presents an exciting
Producing sanitary compost with nutrients p
to more conventional solutions to these needs.
rger societal perspective we hope to demonstrate to a that
human use.can
nalarge scale,
phosphorous contamination of coastal waters, ponds,
ely diverted from the wastewater stream and put lams.
:ands could
rs, and nitrogen and p e treatment plants.rivers, and lessen the burden on sewage phosphorous will
• as the wood's phosphorous supply is depleted, new sources of p hos p
crucial to support agriculture. Human
uri urine
recycle can bee rnutrientenewable
in and inex
human uha e is blethe
Therefore, exploring a variety of ways
• of society.
rting Research
3s Fertilizer'. history in human societies, and urine-
use of urine as an agricultural input has a long in human n loci and andtul ne-
ng technologies are today reclaiming this established practice 2007).
technologies have been implemented and studied in sites across
d
;It this diversion has been slow though emer
teems practice pas been nd produced the most rresearch on the topic though imp
and produced Numerous studies
tries are beginning projects umerous studies
the latest
tries are the hg tr ent value this of urine..(Fewless eW World al.Health ate latest
in
high nutrient v euf of heine.e U Wof Wastewater, Excreta, and Greyw
�nstrate the hig 41en1 This resource
on tt of the manual"Guidelines for the Safe Use in Volume . his res and who.inUwater_sanitation_healthlwastewaterlgsuweg )�
to ma report, a person eating a Western diet excretes
awat r use agriculture.information on human excreta recycling rs
neater use ii eand 0.365 365 kg phosphorus each year in their urine alone. could r
s high kg of nutrient content and leads xg P global
replace s htha n30% o content lglob l experts to estimate that human
and about 25% of 9
re than 30% of current global nitro`gMeinfertilizer 006).censump
Dsphorus production from mining
pathogen risks
Me as Non-pathogenic:
re health concerns associated with human excreta populations,
s not urine. In fact, urine is known to be sterile in healthy pop
ta result from the
d has• e even human feces, antiseptic.This overlooked facto f research recently y been
ad has rie been as' by as a emergency en the inspiration for a surge ailed'urine blindness' by academics and has be
separation of human urine for sanitary reuse (Drangert 1998). While urine alone
iegligible pathogen risk, source-separated urine can contain fecal contaminants as a
toilets separate urine from feces at the
al cross-contamination.nine ito afront t portion diverting
deposited behind. When
unneling urine into the a front portion of the toilet, fecal pathogens is dap thetained of
:les contaminate the front portion of the toilet,fecal pathogens can be contained in
(Hoglund et al. 2002).The same study concludes that health risks of
rine (Udert et al. 2006). Even when fecal cross-contamination occurs,
very row (Hog be safely reused as a crop
�araied urine are low and concludes that urine may
roject,we expect that two processes will additionally mitigate these low periods health
times.
e urine collected at the composting toilet will be stored for variable
ammonia treatment
meet
compost pile. During storage, a natural, passive Ho tune et e.
i ammon a to the comp P including H o 9 (Hoglund
human
>ammonia levels rise and increase the urine environment's ahsms,pH to 9 9
sitim many organisms,
of the compost human
will further
nis Secomely,base ermenvironment c decomposition many
th. low the trisk of et al. 2002). In addition,the
the low pathogen risk be the plied to urine human food crops s that grow dose to the soil, and
urine compost will not soil appliedm nt and covered ed b
wood chips. The possibility of
eliminated by these combined processes and
post will be used as a soil amendment and covered Y
pathogen ingestion will be practically
;s.
ample body of research into the reuse of human urine,few studies have
is Compost
n there is an ems compost production One scientist currently investigating
Ls of Leo urine's omformngis Professor in oomp P an extension professor at the
rsty ofinecomProfe sis HutchioMatri Hutchinson,the proper ratios of urine to carbonaceous
roily of Maine. Professor Hutchinson's trialso proper moisture content.
atonal will inform our practices to assure p P
ro ed is part of a larger surge of activity and progress in
)ro used Current Projects
)roposed demonstration sanitation p 1
i erect' levels has inspired local projects that are
alternative sanitation systems throughout our region. Growing interest in the topic
Ise ng recycling at the implementation community and schemes Bering research and ileme schemes for more sustainable systems. This project
es to join with these other innovative projects to test the viability of alternatives for the future.
)w are brief introductions to some examples;
c 3 nonprofit organization based in
.h Earth Institute:The Rich Earth Institute (REI) is a 501(c)3 based
e of human n waste (s a resource. Since 20.12 it. Its implemented the first field promote
of human
e of as a fertilizer waste the resource.States. ver 150 it has imp
lied to the hay fields of family farms in southern
ne as a fertilizer in the United States. Over 150 volunteer community members in Brattleboro
rate their urine ni be rtnershi and include app Brattleboro Washing
;rmont. Community partnerships include colaareor Sept the Wastewater
.eatment Plant, a local septic services come y (Best
t of Windham County, local farmers, EPA scientists, and the Vermont Department of
ttal Conservation that has supportively permitted all a tiiabes of REI. The this
n has received funding
from the EPA and the USDA, lichis
persistence of pharmaceuticals in soils and plant materials after urine app
rrch partners include the University at Buffalo, and the University of Michigan.
Eco-Toilet Demonstration Program and the Cape Cod Eco-toilet Center One of
ausesof the
nutrient tleachate from sleptic systems. Identifying more sustainable approaches nuent
as. In management 1 he town of Falmouth allocated funding to otestaa series lof alternative
lies ls.to reduce expensive
system has been contested as too exp
li to reduce the environmental nutrient load from human excreta because the
es option Significant installing u ding municipal sewer sy
�esidents. Significant funding has supported an Eco-Toilet Demonstration Program to
to public receptivity to composting toilets and urine-diverting toilet systems
local residents to educate the public about the
vw falmouthmass.uslwaterglweb/o20sitelpagesleco-toilets html). At the
Game time the
to fern toilet Center swas founded by
r, Dco-ctor the Department par meat of Health andtthe Environment According fecal unty,
er,been testing of the a 'compost t t Health and byproduct from the eco-toilets), fecal County,
colif
; been le, wh et the nitrogen and a' (liquid bop
electable, while the nitrogen and phosphorous levels are high (telephone tal beneficial as
), prompting interest in combining this with other material for potential
r. He envisions future testing of source-separated urine from the e These projects have e
on
onsulting with him on the current proposal to compost human n u and public advocacy cta for
;od have demonstrated an impressive degree of public
hive methods of human excreta disposal and reuse.
ng research at the test center located on Otis Air National Guard Base on Cape Cod is
achusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center: (http:l/buzzardsbay.orgletimain.htm
g the feasibility of subsurface drip irrigation systems for human excreta disposal and
ficial reuse. Mr. Heufelder, is overseeing these trials in which irrigation tubes installed
art of the Commonwealth to evaluate and consider new
v the earth surface disperse human excreta at the roots of plants.This state-funded
arch points to an openness on the p
ins for sustainable human excreta disposal and reuse.
)avid Reckow, professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the
is collaborating with the Massachusetts oAludnatii tee
tic Sy oem T s t Centers deverst) '
rtic System Test Center to develop methods to test for pharmaceutical byp
tan excreta, proposed human urine composting project,
and in the soil into which it has been dispersed. As mentioned above, r.
cats g interest n expressed interest
the in the currently srof° compost for pharmaceutical byproducts
well for a in terolsgxe measure ea and the cal contamination).on come
well as for fecal sterols(as beneficial freuse of human urine Such testing will advance the
d of knowledge about potential
ad:
and Lestel, L. (2007) The Nitrogen Question: Urbanization, Industrialization, and
city in Paris, 1830-1939. Journal of Urban History, Vol. 33, No. 5.
J.0. (1998) Urine blindness and
dd the use of nutrients from human excreta in urban
GeoJournal Vol. 45, p s
K.L., Sharvelle, S., Roesner, L.A. (2011) Source Separation and Treatment of
genic Urine. WERF Research Publication.
w.werf.orglalka/Sea rch/ResearchP rofile.as px?Re port I d=1 N F R4SG09b
C., Stenstrom, T.A., and Ashbolt, N. (2002). Microbial Risk Assessm 0 of Source-
d Urine used in Agriculture. Waste Management and Research, 20,
ng, C., Leeming, R., and Stenstrom,T.A. (2002). Fecal contamination of source-
ad
ad human urine based on the content of fecal sterols. Water Research,n Source-Separated
6,
CM., Larsen, TA., and Gujer,W. (2006). Fate of Major Compounds
Water Science&Technology, 54(11), 413-420.
World Health Organization). (2006). WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater,
a, and graywater. Volume 4: Excreta and graywater use in agriculture. World Health
ization, Geneva, Switzerland.
vww.who.intlwater_sanitation health/wastewaterlgsuweg4/enlindex.html
Tonal Resources:
men-Tanski, H. and van Wijk-Sijbesma, C. (2005) Human excreta for plant
fiction. Bioresource Technology 96(4): 403-11.
rer, M., Pronk, W., and Larsen,T. A. (2006) Treatment processes for source-separated
Water Res. 40, 3151—3166.
X
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o 3
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0
4amon YCommunity Ga.am , a)
Potent O.liana:: Composting Toilet ill Proposed Urine Compost Bin
3ram of proposed urine composting structure
Udnt will be
etled over
JoyerS
Layers or
Sawdust and
woad Shavm9S
P2
&apw7kne Mesh
Po
Polyethylene Mesh
EPOM i'enal..w